Author Archives: Sonu Shukla

In chemistry, a carbene is a molecule containing a neutral carbon atom with a valence of two and two unshared valence electrons. The general formula is R-(C:)-R’ or R=C: where the R represent substituents or hydrogen atoms. Methylene is the simplest carbene. The term “carbene” may also refer to the specific compound H2C:, also called methylene, the parent hydride from which all other carbene compounds are formally derived.Carbenes are classified as either singlets or triplets,Continue reading “Organic chemistry|GOC#12|reaction intermediate #Carbene “

In organic chemistry, free-radical halogenation is a type of halogenation. This chemical reaction is typical of alkanes and alkyl-substituted aromatics under application of UV light. The reaction is used for the industrial synthesis of chloroform (CHCl3),  dichloromethane (CH2Cl2), and hexachlorobutadiene. It proceeds by a free-radical chain mechanism. The chain mechanism is as follows, using the chlorination of methane as a typical example: 1. Initiation: Splitting or homolysis of a chlorine molecule to formContinue reading “Reaction Mechanism-4| Free radical mechanism #Halogenation of alkane”

A nucleophile is a chemical species that donates an electron pair to form a chemical bond in relation to a reaction. All molecules or ions with a free pair of electrons or at least one pi bond can act as nucleophiles. Because nucleophiles donate electrons, they are by definition Lewis bases. Nucleophilic describes the affinity of a nucleophile for positively charged atomic nuclei. Nucleophilicity, sometimes referred to as nucleophile strength, refers to a substance’s nucleophilicContinue reading “Reaction mechanism-3 (Nucleophiles)”

Resonance Resonance structures are sets of Lewis structures that describe the delocalization of electrons in a polyatomic ion or a molecule. In many cases, a single Lewis structure fails to explain the bonding in a molecule/polyatomic ion due to the presence of partial charges and fractional bonds in it. In such cases, resonance structures areContinue reading “Chemistry part-1”

Inductive effect In chemistry, the inductive effect is an effect regarding the transmission of unequal sharing of the bonding electron through a chain of atoms in a molecule, leading to a permanent dipole in a bond. It is present in a σ (sigma) bond, but not present in a π (pi) bond. Fajan’s’ rule Fajan’s’Continue reading “Chemistry part-2”